锡金（Sikkim）

国名 锡金（Sikkim）。
国名释义 “锡金”在尼泊尔语中意为“新地方”。

国旗 旗地为白色，四周为红色宽边，旗地中央是一个法轮。红色象征该国由高山环绕，法轮在佛教中象征世间万物辗转相传以及繁荣和进步。

别称 山顶之国。

面积 7100平方千米。

人口 40.5万（1991年）。

民族 尼泊尔族占总人口的75％，其余为锡金族和雷布查族等。

宗教 居民中大多数信奉喇嘛教，少数信奉印度教。

语言 英语为官方语言，通用锡金语和尼泊尔语。

首都 甘托克。

货币 印度卢比。

历史 位于喜马拉雅山南麓，在中国西藏自治区和不丹、尼泊尔、印度之间，为内陆国。境内多山，平坦地区很少。各地海拔差异颇大，气候差异亦大。全境除北部边境地区外降水充沛，属亚热带山地季风气候。

世袭君主国。古称哲孟雄。远在公元7世纪，哲孟雄是中国西藏的一部分。9世纪时，哲孟雄成为独立的部落，但其境内的寺院仍隶属于西藏各大寺。17世纪建立锡金王国。1814年，英国东印度公司开始侵入锡金。1887年，英国强占锡金，并派驻专员。1890年锡金沦为英国的"保护国"。1947年，印度与锡金签订《维持现状协定》，继续往锡金派驻专员。受印度扶持的锡金国家大会党发起"不合作运动"，要求国王进行"改革"。同年5月9日，国家大会党政府正式成立，但遭锡金王族强烈反对，群众运动也日渐兴起。1949年6月初，印度以"防止动乱和流血"为由，派兵进驻锡金，接管了成立不到一个月的新政府，并委任印度人拉尔为锡金首相。1950年12月签订了《印度和锡金和平条约》，锡金从此成为印度的"保护国"，国防、外交、经济等均由印度控制。1968年8月，甘托克爆发反印示威，要求废除印锡条约。印度政府于1973年4月对锡实行军事占领，5月8日印锡签订《锡金协定》，规定锡内政、外交、国防、经济均由印度政府负责。1974年6月20日，锡议会通过了由印度拟定的锡金宪法，规定印度政府派驻锡金的首席行政官为政府首脑和议会议长。同年9月《印度宪法修正案》规定锡金为印度的"联系邦"，在印度议会两院各为锡金设一个议席。1975年4月，印度军队软禁了锡金国王。不久，印度议会通过决议，正式把锡金变为印度的一个"邦"。

政治 1982年1月，被废黜的锡金国王帕尔登·顿杜普·纳姆加尔在纽约病逝。同年2月，王储旺楚克·滕辛·纳姆加尔即位，为锡金第13世国王。新国王对记者表示，印度吞并锡金是非法的。


地理 南亚内陆山国。位于喜马拉雅山脉东段南侧，地形崎岖，许多山峰高度都在6000米以上。与尼泊尔交界处的干城章嘉峰，海拔8585米，为世界第三高峰。南部为肥沃的谷地。东、西边境有若干山口，是对外交往的交通要道。主要河流有蒂斯达河，富水力资源。属亚热带山地季风气候。北部高山地区气候严寒，降水较少；南部河谷地带气候温暖，降水丰沛。

经济 以农业为主。种植业占主导地位，主要生产水稻、玉米、小豆蔻、柑橘、苹果、茶叶，香料作物小豆蔻出口量占世界首位。高山地区畜牧业居重要地位，放牧牦牛、绵羊和骡等。工业仅有水果加工、酿酒、服装、编织等部门。

风俗 男女订婚后，男人需到女方家劳役三年，婚后要住在女方家一年。
回答者： 被95496038 - 总监 九级 2-12 15:40


锡金概况：
锡金（Vbras-Ljong），位于喜马拉雅山脉南坡，北部和东部同我国相连，东南部和不丹交界，南与印度西孟加拉邦和阿萨姆邦毗邻，西与尼泊尔接壤。面积7100平方千米，人口54万，3/4为尼泊尔族，还有锡金族和雷布查族。居民多信喇嘛教。通用锡金语和尼泊尔语，英语为官方语言。
锡金是一个世袭君主国。17世纪建立锡金王国。

锡金的历史：
古代中国称锡金为哲孟雄（Dremojong）。尼泊尔人移居于此称之为新地方，早期西藏移民称为登疆，意为稻米之谷。远在公元7世纪，哲孟雄是吐蕃（西藏）的一部分。9世纪时，哲孟雄成为独立的部落，但其境内的寺院仍隶属于西藏各大寺。
锡金流传很多神话,但世袭君主国成立前的历史记载不多,之前锡金是雷布查族的居住地，他们多生活在喜马拉雅山的南面山坡地带。
1、纳穆加尔王朝成立：
1642年，菩提亚族的蓬楚格.纳穆加尔(Phuntsog Namgyal)建立了纳穆加尔王朝，自称法王，锡金成为世袭君主国。蓬楚格.纳穆加尔是来自西藏康巴地区的普提亚贵族，在宁玛派（红教）传教士的支持下降服了锡金土著雷布查族势力。
2、尼泊尔入侵锡金：
1700年尼锡战争爆发，尼泊尔的廓尔喀军队入侵锡金，攻占锡金当时得首都拉达孜（Rabdentse），锡金国王越境逃亡到西藏，在热日宗的春丕谷避难，作为宗主的达赖喇嘛将此地赐给他使用，这也就是后来的亚东。廓尔喀军队继续向西藏推进，一度占领整个后藏并洗劫班禅喇嘛的驻锡地扎什伦布寺，结果达赖与班禅向清政府请求援军。
3、中国出兵援助锡金：
当时的乾隆皇帝先后两次用兵，最后由福康安和海兰察统率清军于1791年将廓尔喀人全部逐出西藏，并越境追击至尼泊尔首都加德满都城郊。廓尔喀军队在挫败清军前锋获得小胜后请降，从此成为中国的藩属，这也是乾隆“十全武功”的最后一件。清军击退尼泊尔后锡金后本欲收复其失土，但这时尼锡战争中假意援助锡金的不丹军队突然攻击锡金，导致本来就已经被廓尔喀人打得溃不成军的锡金腹背受敌，结果锡金在提斯塔河谷地以西的大片领土仍然沦于尼泊尔之手，而提斯塔河谷地以东的领土则被不丹占领，锡金只保有提斯塔河上游的领土，比现在的锡金大不了多少的区域。
4、英国入侵锡金：
1814年，英国东印度公司开始侵入锡金。1835年英国人割据大吉岭和兰吉德河以南的地区，1861年迫使锡金签订条约，将锡金置于英国的控制之下。1887年，英国强占锡金，并派驻专员。1888年，英国出兵西藏，攻占隆吐山、亚东等要隘。中国清廷一意妥协，速派驻藏帮办大臣升泰前去议和。1890年2月27日，升泰与英国驻印度总督兰斯顿(Henry Charles Keith Lansdowne)在加尔各答签订了《中英会议藏印条约》，共八款。主要内容为：清廷承认锡金归英国保护；划定中国和锡金的边界；游牧、通商等问题，留待日后再议。由此锡金沦为英国的保护国。19世纪，英国殖民者鼓励大批尼泊尔人移居锡金南部，这就是后来的锡金-尼泊尔人。他们砍伐森林，开垦稻田。
5、英国人把政权交还锡金国王：
1918年，英国殖民者把政权交还给塔希?纳姆伽尔国王。塔希国王实行许多经济和社会改革，废除各种无偿劳役，彻底检查税收制度，废除地主的行政和司法职能，开始进行土地改革。
6、印度入侵锡金：
1947年，印度与锡金签订《维持现状协定》，继续往锡金派驻专员。受印度扶持的锡金国家大会党发起“不合作运动”，要求国王进行“改革”。同年5月9日，国家大会党政府正式成立，但遭锡金王族强烈反对，群众运动也日渐兴起。1949年6月初，印度以“防止动乱和流血”为由，派兵进驻锡金,接管了成立不到一个月的新政府，并委任印度人拉尔为锡金首相。1950年12月签订"印度和锡金和平条约"，规定锡金为印度的“保护国”，印度控制锡金的国防、外交、经济等大权。1968年8月，甘托克爆发反印示威，要求废除"印度和锡金和平条约"。1973年4月印度对锡金实行军事占领。1974年6月20日，锡金议会通过了由印度拟定的锡金宪法，规定印度政府派驻的首席行政官为政府首脑和议会议长。同年9月《印度宪法修正案》规定锡金为印度的“联系邦”，在印度两院各为锡金设一个议席。
7、成为印度的一个邦：
1975年，印度军队解散锡金国王的宫廷卫队,软禁了锡金国王。同年4月10日，锡金议会通过决议废黜国王，把锡金变为印度的一个邦。4月14日，锡金又为此举行举行“全民投票”，决定锡金的未来，过后印度议会通过决议，正式把锡金变为印度的一个邦。1982年1月29日，锡金国王帕尔登·顿杜普·纳姆加尔(Dpal-ldan Don-grub Rnam-rgyal)在美国纽约逝世，王储旺楚克·滕辛·纳姆加尔(Dbang-phyug Bstan-vdzin Rnam-rgyal)即位，成为锡金第13世国王，他宣布印度对锡金的吞并是非法的。

中华人民共和国与锡金的关系：
中华人民共和国政府过去一直不承认印度对锡金拥有主权，按照印度媒体的说法，中国是世界上最后一个还承认锡金是一个独立国家的国家。这态度直到2003年才有所松动。2005年，中国出版的地图上不再把锡金标示为主权国家。

Area: 7298 sq. km

Capital/Main City: Gangtok

Population: 400,000, of which urban 18%

Government: 22nd federal state of the Indian Union (May 1975)

Time: GMT+5.5hrs

Religion: Buddhist/Hindu

Power: 230-240V

The Buddhist kingdom of Sikkim is a remote mountainous region bordering Tibet to the north and wedged between the Himalayan kingdoms of Nepal and Bhutan. It is a beautiful lush country containing a fascinating capital city, Gangtok, and the world’s third highest mountain, Kangchenjunga (28,1 68 ft/8,586m), which straddles the border with Nepal. After its annexation by India in 1 975, Sikkim became a Restricted Area, requiring special entry permits, and as a result has retained its original Buddhist charm. However unlike neighbouring Bhutan, its royal family no longer hold any power, though they still live in the capital.

Land
The area of the Indian federal state of Sikkim encompasses solely the upper valley and the source of the Teesta River - a tributary of the Brahmaputra. Roughly square in shape, the country is bound to the north, east and west by three watershed ridges; the eastern and northern border is with Tibet whilst the western border with Nepal runs along the Singalila Ridge, a spur of Kanchenjunga. The southern border with West Bengal is formed by the mountain rivers Rangit and Rangpo, both of them tributaries of the Teesta. Nowadays Sikkim proper begins at the foot of the mountains, but in former times encompassed Darjeeling and Kalimpong. Sikkim's landscape is dominated by the 8,597 metre high (28,370-ft.high) massif of Kanchenjunga and its 31 kilometre long (18.6 miles) Zemu glacier on the western border. The long Teesta valley, traversing the whole country from north to south, allows the summer monsoon rain to push far to the north at its highest level of intensity. As a result of these large amounts of rainwater many narrow valleys were deeply cut into the rather soft stone (Daling slate) in the south. Level surfaces can be found only in the most extreme north (High Sikkim), where the dryness has created a treeless alpine steppe. Its barren high surfaces and mountains covered with rubble and boulder formations mark the transition to the highlands of Tibet.

Due to the heavy precipitation, the mountainous landscapes of upper and lower Sikkim are heavily forested. In the lower levels can be found the wet sal forest - a hardwood related to teak and host to more than 600 species of orchids. As you ascend you pass through a great variety of forest landscapes - tropical evergreen mountain and rain forests, characterised by tree ferns and epiphytes. Higher still there is bamboo, oak, beech, chestnut, giant magnolia, rhododendron trees and, highest of all, various species of conifers. The tree line itself varies from 3,600 to 4,200 metres (12,000 to 14,000ft) above sea level. In Sikkim tropical plants of different climatic regions mix together as nowhere else in the Himalaya. A corresponding variety exists in the animal world, with over 500 species of birds in this small area alone. Antelope, wild sheep and goats as well as wild asses and yaks can be found in the north. In the forested valleys live bears, lesser (red) pandas, silver foxes and leopards, and in the south rhesus macaques, langurs and other monkey species.

History
In the 13th century Tibetans began to emigrate to Sikkim. In the 15th century the Namgyal family migrated from east Tibet (Kham) and settled in the Chumbi valley. From there the family won increasing political influence over Sikkim. In 1642 Chogyal or Gyalpo (king) Phuntsog Namgyal (1604-70) was placed at the top of a strong ruling system based on Lamaistic Buddhism. He divided the land into 12 "Dzongs" - fortified districts.

In the 18th century armies from Bhutan and the Gurkha empire in Nepal invaded. Sikkim lost considerable amounts of territory to its neighbouring kingdoms. When the Gurkhas were defeated by the Chinese army in a campaign against Tibet in 1791-92, Sikkim won back its northern sections, but the Chumbi valley was to remain in Tibet.

After the British victory over Nepal in 1817, the southern part of the country was given back to Sikkim. However, during the next conflict with Nepal in 1827, Darjeeling had to be relinquished to the British to gain their support. In 1848 the entire Terai Lowlands and the mountain periphery was annexed by British India. Within a single century Sikkim was reduced to a fraction of its former territory.

Since the beginning of the 19th century, Nepalese have increasingly emigrated to Sikkim, eventually surpassing the number of natives. This led to internal tension. After the British had refused to help stop the influx of Nepalese, the Gyalpos supported a Tibetan military plan during which Tibet seized a stretch of land near Darjeeling with a small unit of troops. In ensuing battles the British retained the upper hand and Sikkim became a British protectorate in 1890. The British had won their long sought-after gateway to Tibet.

The state was controlled for years by the British political officer Claude White, who in effect stripped the Gyalpos of their power. Not until the reign of Sidkeong Tulku and Tashi Namgyal was the king's power restored.

The Indian Union took over the protectorate in 1950 and intervened between representatives of different Sikkim ethnic groups in 1973 after long lasting political conflicts. The Gyalpos lost their power as a result of the new democratic constitution. Consequently the pro-Indian Nepali population became more influential. A law introduced into the parliament made Sikkim, by annexation an associated Indian partial state. It became the 22nd federal state of the Indian Union in 1975 through an amendment to the constitution.

People
The original inhabitants of Sikkim are the Lepchas, who call themselves Rongpas. In contrast to the native Lepchas, the Bhutia who immigrated between the 13th and 15th centuries are of Tibetan origin. They speak a dialect that comes closer to Old Tibet than to the Lhasa dialect and their culture is influenced by Lamaism. Among the Tsong (Nepali immigrants) there are Buddhists as well, even followers of the Bon faith and animists. The majority of Tsong, however, who make up 60% of the population, are of Hindu faith and Nepali has been generally adopted in lower Sikkim. The elder Tibeto-Burmese languages, including Lepcha which possessed its own alphabet, have lost importance.

Cities

GANGTOK

Altitude: 1550m
Population: 82,000

Once the Sikkimese capital, now the state capital, Sikkim sits astride a steep sided ridge in a similar setting to Kalimpong. The town itself is a little run down, built helter skelter across the hill sides. The Chogyal’s palace on top of the ridge is still inhabited by his politically powerless descendants, although they are still held in deep respect by conservative Sikkimese. The town is small, with most facilities in the space of a couple of streets. Along the top of the ridge there are plenty of vantage points across the surrounding hills, and there are numerous parks and gardens to rest in.

Places to visit include the Government Institute of Cottage Industries, a craft centre, Enchey Monastery just outside the town, the various Orchidaria and Gardens, and the bustling town market. The Chogyal’s Palace is closed to the public. At the southern end of the town is the Research Institute of Tibetology, a study centre, with the Do Drul chorten above it.